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Recommended Reading List
- Special Pop Women
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page1
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No.
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Title
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Author
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Publisher
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Spec pop
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Year
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9
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Breast Screening and Ethnic Minority Women: A literature review
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Raja-Jones, H.
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Br J Nurs, 8(19), 1284-1288
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Special pop. Women
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1999
Oct
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The incidence of breast cancer is reported to be low among ethnic minority women. However, the number of women diagnosed with breast cancer in this group is expected to rise over the next decade, as a result of changes in lifestyle and environmental factors. Despite the introduction of the NHS Breast Screening Program in 1988, the uptake of breast cancer screening services remains low among minority women. The main reasons identified for this low uptake are a lack of knowledge among women from the ethnic communities about screening services and a lack of referral/recommendations by healthcare professionals and physicians. Future initiatives need to target appropriate education strategies for healthcare professionals on the needs of ethnic groups, as for many women this will be their first point of contact within the screening program.
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10
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Immigrant Women and Their Health
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Aroian, K. J.
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Annual Review of Nursing Research, 19, 179-226
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Special pop. Women
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2001
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Immigrant women’s health is a relatively new research area. At the beginning of the 1990s, nurse scholars concluded that there was insufficient research on this topic. They recommended broadening the overly narrow research foci on immigrant woman’s childbearing and on select populations, developing national data bases, identifying high-risk groups and population-specific interventions. This chapter reviews 292 research articles published in journals during the 1990s about adult immigrant women’s health. It (1) summarizes research findings on topics that were the major foci of research conducted in the 1990s, (2) evaluates progress over the last decade in the research agenda proposed above, and (3) makes recommendations for research in the new millennium.
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27
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Socioeconomic Factors and Breast Carcinoma in Multicultural Women
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Baquet, C. R.
Commiskey, P.
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Cancer, 88(5 Suppl), 1256-64.
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Special Pop. Women
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2000
Mar
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Breast carcinoma is the most common cancer in women in the U.S. and the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Furthermore, there are racial differences in breast carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival rates. Social and economic factors within racial/ethnic groups are being examined as risk factors not only for breast carcinoma mortality and survival but also as determinants of the rate of incidence. Social and economic factors have been associated in the literature predominantly with cancer mortality and survival. When socioeconomic status (SES) is considered, certain studies suggest that racial disparities in breast carcinoma are smaller than when social and economic factors are examined alone, but these disparities still persist. Sources of data for this discussion include the National Cancer Institute (NCI) (the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results [SEER] program, a group of population-based cancer registries that cover up to 14% of the U.S. population. SEER reports cancer incidence, mortality, and survival rates), the U.S. Bureau of the Census, the National Center for Health Statistics
(NCHS), and numerous articles from the scientific literature. Socioeconomic factors or SES can be considered "cross-cutting risk factors" (i.e., they can be related to the risk of developing breast carcinoma [rate of incidence] as well as to the risk of dying [mortality] from this disease). They also are the risk factors that "cut across" racial and ethnic populations. Socioeconomic factors are related to breast carcinoma mortality and survival rates in multicultural women. Racial disparities in breast carcinoma mortality and survival rates can be explained partially by stage distribution at the time of diagnosis, which may be related to SES. For example, African-American women present with more advanced stage distributions for breast carcinoma than white women. Similarly, women of lower SES present with higher stage disease than women of upper SES who present with more localized breast carcinoma. The lack of data regarding the SES of cancer patients limits our understanding of the contributions of SES to cancer incidence and mortality rates. SES appears to be related to breast carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival rates. Breast carcinoma mortality is higher in women of lower SES. Additional research on SES, race, culture, and the relation of these factors to cancer incidence rate is needed. Copyright 2000 American Cancer Society.
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29
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Migration Patterns and Breast Carcinoma
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Kaur, J. S.
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Cancer. 88(5 Suppl), 1203-6.
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Special Pop. Women
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2000
Mar
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BACKGROUND: Many American Indian and Alaska Native women have lower incidence rates of breast carcinoma than other racial/ethnic groups in the United States. The rates in most areas, however, have increased in recent years. The author reviews the migration patterns and effects that might contribute to this change. METHODS: A review of the literature on migration and breast carcinoma incidence was conducted. RESULTS: Migration significantly impacts on breast carcinoma incidence in all groups of women studied. CONCLUSIONS: Research must be designed that will explore the components of host, life-styles, and environment on breast carcinoma rates in American Indian and Alaska Native women to elucidate mechanisms of breast carcinoma etiology. Copyright 2000 American Cancer Society.
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30
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Epidemiology, Stage at Diagnosis, and Tumor Biology of Breast Carcinoma in Multiracial and Multiethnic Populations
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Hunter, C. P.
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Cancer. 88(5 Suppl), 1193-202.
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Special Pop. Women
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2000
Mar
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All women, regardless of their racial or ethnic origin or heritage, are at risk of developing breast cancer. Variations in breast carcinoma incidence rates among multicultural populations suggest that etiologic factors differ in their biologic expression and impact on disease outcome. Key among those factors that affect breast carcinoma development are the roles of genetics and the environment, the reproductive experience and the effects of endogenous and exogenous hormones in women, the change in immune status and host vulnerability, and the biologic determinants of breast carcinoma. Cultural dynamics, sociodemographic differences, and behavioral characteristics across population subgroups modulate how biologic disease is expressed among different races and ethnic groups. These interactions contribute to the observed variations in breast carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival. Stage, a measure of disease status, is used to assess prognosis, plan treatment, and evaluate outcome. Numerous studies have reported a more advanced stage of breast carcinoma at diagnosis in racial/ethnic subgroups, especially among women from African American, Hispanic, American Indian, and native Hawaiian cultures. Factors associated with advanced stage at diagnosis in multicultural populations range from changes in the basic biological characteristics at the molecular and cellular level, to more complex behavioral attributes unique to a particular multicultural population, to societal issues-such as access to care and socioeconomic conditions-all of which impact on the health measure called "stage at diagnosis." Rapid advancements in knowledge of cancer biology and of genetic markers and tumor products are providing new mechanisms for identifying etiologic pathways that can be utilized for better screening, detection, treatment and monitoring of disease. Further studies are needed that evaluate the biologic and molecular alterations in tumor development, progression, and response to therapy. Public health attention needs to be directed toward the societal influences that impact breast carcinoma development, as well as augmenting recognition of the need for culturally appropriate, broad-based behavioral changes at the community level. In addition, continued efforts are needed to ensure the inclusion of multicultural population subgroups and minority investigators in all aspects of research-basic, clinical and applied. Copyright 2000 American Cancer Society.
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34
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Native Women and Cancer
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Kaur, J. S.
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Health Care Women Int., 20(5), 445-53.
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Special Pop. Women
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1999 Sep-Oct
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Literature regarding cancer patterns in American Indians and Alaska Native women is reviewed and attention is paid to promising research initiatives to improve cancer prevention and control as well as approaches to enhance exchange of knowledge through a new national resource center. Lung, breast, and colorectal cancer are the leading cause of cancer deaths in American Indians and Alaska Native women. There continues to be a disproportionate death rate from cervical cancer. Enhanced availability for breast and cervical cancer screening in conjunction with community education is showing promising trends toward reversing the patterns of late diagnosis. Communities can benefit from sharing their collective resources in a new national resource center called "Native C.I.R.C.L.E." housed in the Mayo Cancer Center.
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39
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Hormone Replacement Therapy for African American Women: Missed opportunities for effective intervention
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Nicholson, W. K.
Brown, A. F.
Gathe, J.
Grumbach, K.
Washington, A. E.
Perez-Stable, E. J.
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Menopause, 6(2), 147-55.
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Special Pop. Women
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1999
Summer
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OBJECTIVES: Because of the potential benefits and risks of hormone replacement therapy
(HRT), information about the efficacy of HRT in different groups of women is important to patients and providers. The objectives of this study were to review the evidence on the benefits and risks of HRT in African American women and to present a quantitative analysis of the potential reduction in mortality from osteoporotic fractures and coronary heart disease and the potential increase in risk of breast and endometrial cancer. METHODS: A MEDLINE search of English-language observational studies and clinical trials on the effects of HRT on osteoporotic fractures and coronary heart disease
(CHD) was conducted for the time period from 1966 to September 1998. Using available CHD mortality data for African American women and white women, potential reductions in mortality with HRT were explored for African American and white women. RESULTS: In the 30 studies on CHD and
HRT, African American women were known to comprise only 173 (0.1%) of 148,437 participants. In 11 studies of HRT and osteoporotic fractures, only 128 (0.4%) of 40,299 participants were known to be African American women. An analysis of CHD mortality by decade intervals indicated that African American women, aged 55 to 64, are more likely to die from CHD each year than white women. Despite a lower incidence of breast and endometrial cancer among African American women, the mortality rates of African American women with these cancers is higher compared with white women. CONCLUSIONS: With the higher underlying CHD mortality rate among African American women, HRT is an important potential preventive therapy. The absence of African American women and other non-white women from clinical studies of HRT makes it difficult to fully assess the risks and benefits of HRT in this group of women.
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40
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African American Women and Diabetes: A sociocultural context
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Rajaram, S. S. Vinson, V.
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J Health Care Poor Underserved, 9(3), 236-47.
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Special Pop. Women
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1998
Aug
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Diabetes is the fourth leading cause of death among African American women. One in four black women (23.4 percent) older than age 55 has diabetes. In evaluating the experience of black women with diabetes, an understanding of their social context is essential. Resulting from historical and sociocultural factors, black women have relatively lower income and education levels and consequently, poorer health and restricted access to quality health care. In a sense, being black, female, elderly, and chronically ill places this group in quadruple jeopardy. Tackling the problem of diabetes among African American women is a public health priority and requires a multilevel approach.
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42
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Utility of Health Belief Model As A Guide for Explaining or Predicting Breast Cancer Screening Behaviors.
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Yarbrough, S. S.
Braden, C. J.
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J Adv Nurs. 33(5):677-88.
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Special Pop. Women
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2001 Mar
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AIM: The purpose of this study was to assess the utility of HBM as a theoretical guide for predicting breast cancer screening and therefore for guiding intervention studies. BACKGROUND: Breast cancer is the leading cause of death for middle age women (35-50) and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in all women in the United States (US). Early detection of breast cancer through screening is the only option available to women. However, less than half of all women in the US participate in screening. The health belief model (HBM), which specifies interactions of values and beliefs about health and their influence on choices, has been widely used to explain screening behavior. METHODS: An integrative research review analyzed 16 published descriptive studies employing HBM. Literature was located through a search of research based studies listed in Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health (CINAHL), Medline, and cancer literature databases and studies cited in other references between 1990 and 1999. FINDINGS: Application of HBM was inconsistent. No study tested nonlinear relationships between variables as specified in the model. At best, the model explained 47% of the variance in screening behavior when socioeconomic status was included. Otherwise predictive power was low, ranging from 15 to 27%. CONCLUSIONS: While the model provides some description of the values, beliefs and behaviors of middle-aged women primarily, HBM does not appear to have the power to consistently predict behaviors. Further research is needed to provide more thorough depiction of the social, nonhealth care meaning of breast cancer.
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43
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Breastfeeding Care in Multicultural Populations.
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Riordan, J. Gill-Hopple, K.
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J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs. 30(2):216-23.
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Special Pop. Women
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2001
Mar-Apr
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Although the number and diversity of minority women in the United States is growing, breastfeeding rates remain low. Nurses can increase breastfeeding rates in minority populations if they are aware of and appreciate cultural differences. Following an overview of culture's effect on breastfeeding, this article focuses on practical aspects of caring for breastfeeding mothers in various cultural groups. Breastfeeding educational programs are effective when they are culturally sensitive and emerge from the culture itself.
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